• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The present invention relates to a method for calculating and displaying the current air velocity (TAS) of a rotorcraft (1). At least one omnidirectional anemometer is implanted at the top of a rear drift (7) of the rotorcraft. The current airspeed (TAS) of the rotorcraft (1) operating at speeds less than or equal to at least one speed-air threshold (S1, S2) of the rotorcraft (1) is calculated by correcting the measurements (V1) provided by the anemometer (10) implanted at the top of the rear fin (7) as a function of the effects produced by the air flow generated by the rotation of a main rotor (2) equipping the rotorcraft (1) with the characteristics of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer (10). For this purpose, a calibration rule calibrated in test flight is advantageously applied to correct the measurements provided by the anemometer (10) implanted at the top of the rear fin (7).
    公开号:FR3020799A1
    申请号:FR1401064
    申请日:2014-05-12
    公开日:2015-11-13
    发明作者:Nicolas Certain；Olivier Delecroix
    申请人:Airbus Helicopters SAS；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] Giravion equipped with an anemometer placed at the top of a rear drift of the rotorcraft. The present invention is in the field of anemometric installations fitted to rotorcraft.
    [0002] The aircraft are conventionally equipped with an air-pressure system providing the pilot with information relating to the airspeed of the aircraft, that is to say the speed of movement of said aircraft relative to the air in which it operates. Such an installation conventionally uses at least one anemometer measuring the characteristics of the speed of the air flow surrounding the aircraft and more particularly its vector components of speed respectively oriented substantially along at least the longitudinal axis and / or the axis. cross section of the aircraft. In this context, the airspeed apparatus provides the pilot 15 of the rotorcraft, by way of display in particular, the relative speed of the aircraft with respect to said surrounding air flow, known as airspeed, from the measurements provided. by the anemometer and defined according to at least one longitudinal air-velocity component, or even a lateral velocity-air component. The ground speed of the aircraft is conventionally provided by an instrument panel equipping the aircraft, such as typically a satellite tracking device, for example. Under these conditions, the knowledge of the airspeed of the aircraft makes it possible to identify the characteristics of the wind to which the aircraft is subjected. Anemometers traditionally used in aeronautics commonly use at least one pitot tube. Such anemometers make it possible to deduce the airspeed of the aircraft from the measurements provided by the Pitot tube or tubes of the static pressure of the air and the total pressure of the air surrounding the anemometer.
    [0003] However, the main source of errors of an anemometer lies in the impossibility of aligning it permanently with the flow of air surrounding the aircraft. Indeed, some anemometers can not align with the airflow.
    [0004] In this context, omnidirectional anemometers have been developed providing measurements of the air velocity defined according to vector components, including in particular at least one longitudinal component and one lateral component. Conventionally, the vector components of the airspeed measured by an omnidirectional anemometer are identified along the axes of general extension of the aircraft considered in the ground station. The longitudinal component of the airspeed is commonly defined along the longitudinal axis of extension of the aircraft extending between the front and the rear of the aircraft. The lateral component of the airspeed is commonly defined along the transverse axis of extension of the aircraft extending between the right and left side edges of the aircraft. It is more particularly used in aeronautics LORAS omnidirectional anemometers (by the acronym LOw-Range Airspeed System). LORAS-type anemometers use a pair of rotatably mounted pitot tubes placed head-to-tail with respect to each other, so that said LORAS-type anemometers can measure the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the velocity. air.
    [0005] To measure the airspeed of an aircraft, it is also known omnidirectional anemometers remote sensing operating light beams of the LASER beam type (or Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) or sound waves of ultrasonic type.
    [0006] For example, optical anemometers, such as LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) anemometers, make it possible to measure the airspeed of an aircraft by sequential transmission / reception at a given frequency of a LASER light beam. . For example again, ultrasonic anemometers, such as for example the anemometer described in document US Pat. No. 4,031,756 (HONEYWELL), make it possible to measure the airspeed of an aircraft by emission / reception of ultrasonic waves. In this technological context pertaining to aircraft airspeed systems, it is to be considered among the motorized aircraft the specificities specific to rotorcraft. Indeed, the rotorcraft are rotary wing (s) aircraft (s) of which at least the lift is provided by at least one main rotor with substantially vertical axis of rotation. In the specific context of a helicopter, the main rotor provides not only the lift of the rotorcraft, but also its propulsion along any directions of progression. Rotorions are also commonly equipped with at least one rotor rotor with substantially horizontal rotation drive shaft. Such an auxiliary rotor constitutes in particular an anti-torque device providing stabilization and yaw steering of the rotorcraft. Such an ancillary rotor is for example a rear rotor installed at the end of a rotorcraft tail boom and sometimes surrounded by a fairing allowing among other advantages to reduce the noise generated by the tail rotor. The rotorcraft are also commonly equipped empennages to stabilize or even change the attitude of the rotorcraft flight.
    [0007] Such empennages are for example formed wings generally oriented in a substantially horizontal plane of extension of the rotorcraft defined by the longitudinal and transverse axes of extension of the rotorcraft considered ground station. Such empennages are for example still formed of fins generally oriented in a substantially vertical plane of extension of the rotorcraft considered station ground, said vertical plane being oriented perpendicularly to said horizontal plane. Such drifts are conventionally placed at the rear of the rotorcraft, at the end of a tail boom in particular, being commonly inclined relative to the vertical plane of extension of the rotorcraft. Compared to other aircraft, the measurement of the airspeed of a rotorcraft poses specific problems resulting in particular from the presence of the rotors whose rotation disrupts the flow of air surrounding the rotorcraft. In this context, there is the problem of locating the anemometer aboard the rotorcraft to obtain information on the airspeed of the rotorcraft as relevant as possible. Indeed, the rotor or rotors produce a blast resulting from their own rotation. It follows that the relevance of the measurements provided by the anemometers to obtain information relating to the airspeed of the rotorcraft is dependent on an implementation of the anemometer on the rotorcraft, preserving it at best from the aerodynamic effects generated by the rotor or rotors. . Under these conditions, in particular with regard to the Pitot tube anemometers, the location of the anemometer aboard the rotorcraft is chosen, for example, above and in the axis of rotation of the main rotor, or before the rotorcraft. With regard to remote sensing anemometers, their location on board the rotorcraft is conventionally chosen at the front of the rotorcraft and more specifically at the nose of the rotorcraft, by orienting the anemometer towards the frontal direction of progression of the rotorcraft. There is also the problem of measuring the airspeed of the rotorcraft over its entire flight envelope.
    [0008] Indeed compared to other motorized aircraft, rotorcraft have the particularity of being able to evolve hovering and / or low speeds typically considered less than 50 Kt (50 knots). However, at speeds of less than 50 kt, Pitot tube anemometers, no matter how powerful they are, do not provide reliable airspeed measurements of the rotorcraft. Indeed, a Pitot tube has a precision that is even lower than the air speed is low. It is usual to warn the pilot of the unavailability of airspeed information when operating at low speeds. In particular, when the rotorcraft is operating at speeds above the low speeds, the airspeed of the rotorcraft is calculated from the measurements provided by the anemometer and is communicated by display to the pilot. At low speeds of progression of the rotorcraft, information of unavailability of the speed-air of the rotorcraft is then commonly displayed. This is why a constant search in the field of rotorcraft aims to provide the pilot with the most reliable indications possible concerning the airspeed of the rotorcraft operating at low speeds and / or hovering. It has been developed for this purpose calculation systems for determining the airspeed of a rotorcraft from flight controls operated by the pilot. For example, the airspeed of the rotorcraft is deduced by taking into account the global attitude in flight of the rotorcraft identified by the current state of the flight mechanics, such as by detecting the variation of the pitch of the blades of the rotors, main rotor in particular. For example, reference may be made to FR2 567 270 (DURAND) and FR 2 648 233 (CROUZET). However, such computing systems are complex and expensive. Since the measurements provided by Pitot single-tube anemometers are reliable at the high speeds of the rotorcraft, it appears in practice that a Pitot single-tube anemometer is still used to measure airspeed. a rotorcraft at the expense of obtaining such information when the rotorcraft is moving at low speeds, especially for rotorcraft commonly classified as lightweight and particularly sought the least expensive possible. It therefore appears appropriate to continue the search for an airspeed gauge to obtain the most reliable measurement of the airspeed of a rotorcraft operating at low speeds.
    [0009] To this end, the usual approach of the designers is then to improve and / or design anemometers capable of providing the pilot with a measurement of the airspeed of the rotorcraft when moving at potentially low speeds. To obtain the most reliable measurements possible at low rates of evolution of the rotorcraft, the anemometers are conventionally adjusted from their design according to given measurement ranges. In this context, the present invention aims to propose a solution making it possible to exploit an omnidirectional anemometer, indifferently of type with a rotating Pitot tube or of a remote-sensing type, to measure the airspeed of a rotorcraft, including in the case where the rotorcraft moves at speeds of less than 50 kt. The method of the present invention is a method for calculating and displaying the current airspeed of a rotorcraft. The rotorcraft comprises in particular at least one rear fin as well as rotors comprising at least one main rotor conventionally providing at least substantially the main lift of the rotorcraft and a rear rotor conventionally providing at least the yaw steering of the rotorcraft. The method of the present invention comprises an operation of calculating the current airspeed of the rotorcraft from measurements provided by at least one omnidirectional anemometer. Following said calculation operation, the method also comprises a screen display operation of the current airspeed of the rotorcraft deduced from said calculation operation. As conventionally, the omnidirectional anemometer provides measurements of the velocity of an air flow surrounding it. From the measurements provided by the omnidirectional anemometer, the calculating means identify the respective amplitudes of the vector components characterizing the speed of the air flow measured by the omnidirectional anemometer, of which at least one longitudinal component and one lateral component. Of course, the respective longitudinal and lateral orientations of the vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the anemometer as well as those of the airspeed of the computed rotorcraft are identified and qualified according to the typical extension orientations. rotorcraft such as longitudinal and transverse respectively. It will be recalled with regard to the typical orientations of the extension of the rotorcraft, that the notions of "horizontal", "vertical" and "transverse" are classically considered relative notions with respect to the position of the rotorcraft considered on the ground. Typically, the longitudinal direction of extension of a rotorcraft is identified along an axis X extending between the front and the rear of the rotorcraft, the vertical direction of extension of the rotorcraft is identified along an axis Z extending between the top and the base of the rotorcraft, the transverse direction of extension of the rotorcraft being identified along an axis Y extending between the lateral edges of the rotorcraft, the X, Y and Z axes defining an orthonormal marking identifying the axes of progression of the rotorcraft; rotorcraft. According to a general approach of the present invention, the unusual choice is to implant an omnidirectional anemometer, designated drift anemometer, at the top of the rotorcraft rear drift and to correct the measurements provided by the drift anemometer by taking the effects of the main rotor blast on the characteristics of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer. It appeared that such an unusual approach made it possible to obtain a reliable and relevant measurement of the current airspeed of the rotorcraft, in particular when the rotorcraft is hovering and / or at low speeds, or even at transient speeds, particularly in the airborne phase. take-off and landing of the rotorcraft, especially when the rotorcraft is moving close to the ground and the blast produced by the main rotor greatly disturbs the air around the rotorcraft. Indeed, close to the ground, the main rotor blast typically generates aerodynamic disturbances of the air, commonly referred to as "ground effect". It appeared that the protection of the drift anemometer offered by its installation at the top of the rear drift made it possible to identify the airspeed of the rotorcraft in a reliable and relevant manner, provided that the measurements provided by the rotorcraft were corrected. drift anemometer according to the effects produced by the air flow generated by the rotation of the main rotor. Such protection of the drift anemometer can furthermore be easily reinforced by a shield placed at the base of the drift anemometer interposed between the drift and the drift anemometer. Such a shield advantageously constitutes an obstacle to the flow of air along the drift towards the drift anemometer. Moreover, it also appeared that the correction of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer could be easily operated by the application of affine functions of simple structures calibrated in test flight. Thus and according to a general definition of the method of the present invention, at least one omnidirectional anemometer, designated drift anemometer, is implanted at the top of said rear drift. The current airspeed of the rotorcraft operating at speeds less than or equal to at least one predefined air speed threshold is calculated by correcting the measurements provided by the drift anemometer according to the effects produced by the airflow generated. by the rotation of the main rotor on the characteristics of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer. It is of course understood in the context of the aims sought by the present invention that said at least one airspeed threshold is identified at least in accordance with an evolution of the rotorcraft hovering and / or at low speeds, or even an evolution. rotorcraft at transient speeds between low speeds and high speeds of evolution of the rotorcraft in cruising flight. It is recalled that said low speeds are commonly identified as less than 40 kt or even less than 50 kt, and that said transient speeds are commonly considered between 50 kt and 60 kt, or 75 kt depending on the propulsion capabilities of the rotorcraft. The speed of evolution of the rotorcraft can be identified by an instrument commonly fitted to rotorcraft, such as a satellite positioning device commonly referred to as GPS (according to the acronym Global Positioning System). To identify the evolution speed of the rotorcraft, however, it is preferred to use the measurements provided by the drift anemometer, tuned in accordance with a lower air-speed range at higher air velocities, the drift anemometer being able to identify an airspeed of the rotorcraft lower than said at least one speed-air threshold. As discussed below, the rotorcraft is potentially equipped with an ancillary anemometer. To identify the speed of evolution of the rotorcraft, the measurements provided by the auxiliary anemometer can also be exploited to identify a rotorcraft airspeed lower than said at least one speed-air threshold. However, as will be discussed below, the auxiliary anemometer is preferably adjusted in accordance with an operating air velocity range greater than said at least one air velocity threshold, particularly at an airspeed operating range. high. Furthermore, the choice is made to identify the effects produced by the air flow generated by the rotation of the main rotor on the air flow whose speed is measured by the drift anemometer from a easy approach to take into account the power consumed by the main rotor in the application of a correction rule of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer. As known in the field of rotorcraft, the mechanical power consumed by the main rotor may for example be evaluated according to the current collective pitch applied to the main rotor blades and in particular identified by the flight controls operated by the pilot of the rotorcraft, indifferently human pilot or automatic pilot.
    [0010] For example, the mechanical power consumed by the main rotor may be evaluated according to the product of the rotational speed of the main rotor by the resisting torque of the main rotor opposite against its rotational drive by a motor unit fitted to the main rotor. rotorcraft, or more simply by said torque provided a constant rotational speed of the main rotor. It is also the choice to structure said correction rule in the form of functions whose affine functions preferably applied successively, the values of the correction parameters integrated in said functions being calibrated in test flight. Such affine functions are in particular conventionally identified by calculation parameters comprising at least one weighting coefficient and at least one predefined summation value (zero, positive or negative). It is more specifically noted that said functions integrated in the correction rule are able, from the measurements provided by the drift anemometer, to identify and correct respectively a longitudinal component and a lateral component of the flow velocity. air measured by the drift anemometer. In this context, a summation value can be applied to take into account the mechanical power consumed by the main rotor. The flight test calibration of the correction rule is for example carried out in the absence of wind. The measurements provided by the drift anemometer during the test flight are compared with the speed of evolution of the rotorcraft identified by the said instrument panel. Of course, it is understood that other known techniques for calibrating an aircraft equipped with a rotorcraft in flight test can be used, such as in the presence of wind whose characteristics are identified by a weather station on the ground. From such a comparison, the respective values of the correction parameters integrated in the correction rule are identified for any rotorcraft of the same structure as the structure of the test rotorcraft and under the same conditions of implantation of the anemometer. of drift aboard these rotorcraft. From the application of the said functions, the measurements of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer can be corrected by rectification on the one hand of the orientations and on the other hand by the values of the individual amplitude. the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the velocity of the air flow measured by the drift anemometer. Disturbances of the drift anemometer measurements generated by the airflow along the drift can be accounted for by filtering the data provided by the drift anemometer. Thus, and according to a preferred embodiment, said correction of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer is carried out according to at least the application of a correction rule that individually corrects at least the amplitude values and the orientations with respect to axes of general extension of the rotorcraft of the vector components of the speed of the air flow measured by the drift anemometer. Preferably, said correction of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer further comprises a filtering of data applied to the data resulting from the measurements provided by the drift anemometer, whether before or after the correction applied to the measurements provided by the drift anemometer. drift anemometer.
    [0011] More particularly, the correction of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer is carried out according to at least the following specific methods, preferably applied successively. Firstly, a phase correction is applied, rectifying the angular orientation of each of the vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer with respect to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the rotorcraft. Said phase correction is potentially applied by taking into account at least one predefined angular correction value. As an indication, it was found in test flight that said phase correction was potentially between 5 ° and 15 ° depending on the structure of the rotorcraft and the implementation of the drift anemometer at the top of the drift back. Said phase correction notably makes it possible to correct the effects produced by the gyration of the air flow generated by the blast of the main rotor on the measurements provided by the drift anemometer. Secondly, an amplitude correction is applied which individually corrects the amplitudes of each of the vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer. Said amplitude correction makes it possible in particular to correct the effects resulting from the narrowing of the air flow generated by the blast of the main rotor and in particular takes into account a correction parameter relating to the mechanical power consumed by the main rotor. The application of the correction parameter relating to the mechanical power consumed by the main rotor is more particularly dedicated to a correction of the value of the longitudinal component of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer, which is particularly affected by the narrowing of the airflow generated by the blast of the main rotor. Thirdly, a data filter is applied by a low-pass filter processing the data from the measurements provided by the drift anemometer, indifferently directly provided by the drift anemometer or after correction of the data provided by the anemometer. drifting by applying said correction rule. Said data filtering makes it possible to eliminate data whose relevance is affected by the flow of air along the drift disturbed by the airflow generated by the main rotor blast and whose characteristics depend in particular on the aerodynamic conformation of the drift. Of course, the characteristics of said low-pass filter are identified during said test flight. According to an advantageous embodiment making it possible to easily take into account the effects produced by the rotation of the main rotor on the characteristics of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer, the correction rule incorporates in its general parameters correction of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer whose values are identified by calibration of the test flight correction rule. Such calibration of the test flight correction rule is typically performed on a given structural test rotorcraft equipped with a test apparatus, such as an anemometer-compliant anemometer. drifting in the context of the present invention. Subsequently, the correction rule may be applied to measurements provided by a standard aircraft of the same structure as the test apparatus and installed on board any rotorcraft of similar structure to the test rotorcraft in accordance with the conditions of installation of the test apparatus on board the test rotorcraft.
    [0012] The correction rule is preferably composed of functions, some of which affine successively applied to correct the measurements provided by the drift anemometer. At least one of said affine functions comprises in particular a correction parameter taking into account a correction criterion relating to the mechanical power consumed by the main rotor. The said correction criterion is taken into account, in particular, by taking into account a correction parameter that is relative to the collective pitch angle of the main rotor blades or, in particular, to a given rotational speed of the main rotor. to the resisting torque opposed by the main rotor against its drive in rotation by a motorization unit equipping the rotorcraft. According to particular embodiments of a method according to the invention, the correction of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer is carried out according to at least the following modalities, preferably successively applied: -) application of first calculation functions calculating an airspeed of the rotorcraft, called first corrected airspeed. Said first functions individually identify a longitudinal component and a lateral component of the first corrected air speed according to the following modalities: Vc X = VM * cos (VA + A1) VciY = VM * sin (VA + A2) in which first Calculation functions, VciX and VciY are the respective values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the first corrected airspeed, VM is the amplitude of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer, VA is the direction of the air flow measured by the drift anemometer, Al and A2 are predefined constants of angular correction of the vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer. The respective values of said constants A1 and A2 are identified by a test flight calibration operation of the first calculation functions, being potentially different or identical. As an indication, the respective values of said constants A1 and A2 individually vary between 5 ° and 15 ° depending on the structure of the rotorcraft and the implementation of the drift anemometer at the top of the rear drift. -) Applying second affine calculation functions calculating an airspeed of the rotorcraft, said corrected second air speed. Said second calculation functions identify values of the respective amplitudes of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the first corrected air speed according to the following modalities: Vc2X = Kl * here X + K2 * Apc + Ni Vc2Y = K3 * here Y + N2 in which second calculation functions, Vc2X and Vc2Y are the respective values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the corrected second air-speed, K1, K2 and K3 are constants whose respective values are identified by a test flight calibration operation of the second calculation functions, Ap is the common collective pitch angle of the main rotor blades; N1 and N2 are predefined summation values according to the desired relevance of the measurement of the current airspeed of the rotorcraft.
    [0013] As an indication, the values of N1 and N2 are preferably chosen from 1 kt (1 node), N2 being a positive or negative value depending on the direction of rotation of the main rotor. -) application of data filtering by a low-pass filter of the individual values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the corrected second air-speed. As an indication according to the aerodynamic conformation of the drift and according to the implementation modalities of the drift anemometer on board the rotorcraft, the filtering of the values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the corrected second airspeed is particularly operated by means of low-pass filters clocked at a frequency between 0.15 Hz (0.15 Hertz) and 0.8 Hz. In the case of an evolution of the rotorcraft hovering 15 and / or low speeds , the current airspeed of the rotorcraft displayed by the screen is the airspeed calculated preferably after the application of said data filtering. According to a preferred form of the invention, the correction of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer is effected by taking into account several said speed thresholds, of which at least: a first airspeed threshold conforming to an evolution of the rotorcraft at low speeds. In this case, a first correction mode of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer is applied in the case where the rotorcraft is traveling at an airspeed less than or equal to the first airspeed threshold. -) a second air-speed threshold in accordance with an evolution of the rotorcraft at transient speeds between low speeds and high speeds of evolution of the rotorcraft. In this case, a second correction mode of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer is applied in the case where the rotorcraft moves at an airspeed greater than the first air speed threshold and less than or equal to said second speed threshold. air. Said second correction mode preferably comprises a correction operation complementary to the measurements provided by the drift anemometer by means of third affine calculation functions. The third affine calculation functions notably take into account a correction parameter relating to complementary measurements provided by an annex 10 air anemometer installed on board the rotorcraft in a location at best free from the air flow produced by the main rotor blast, in particular as conventionally on the nose of the rotorcraft. According to a preferred embodiment, said third calculation functions individually identify a longitudinal component and a lateral component of a third corrected air speed in the following manner: Vc3X = K4 * Vc2X + (1-K5) * VX Vc3Y = K6 * Vc2X + (1-K7) * VY in which third calculation functions, Vc3X and Vc3Y are the respective values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the corrected third airspeed, K4, K5, K6 and K7 are constants whose respective values are identified by a test flight calibration operation of the third calculation functions, VX and VY are the respective values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the airflow velocity measured by the annexed anemometer. At transient rates of evolution of the rotorcraft, the current airspeed of the rotorcraft displayed by the screen is the corrected third airspeed rectified by data filtering applied in particular to the values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the rotorcraft. third corrected airspeed. At high rotational speeds of the rotorcraft at an airspeed greater than the second air speed threshold, the measurements provided by the auxiliary anemometer are used to display the current airspeed of the rotorcraft. The present invention also relates to a rotorcraft equipped with an air-pressure system for carrying out a method as just described. The airspeed system fitted to the rotorcraft conventionally comprises at least one omnidirectional anemometer, calculation means deducing the current airspeed from the rotorcraft by using the measurements provided by the at least one omnidirectional anemometer and a speed display screen. current air of the rotorcraft deduced by the means of calculation. According to the present invention, the rotorcraft is mainly recognizable in that said at least one omnidirectional anemometer, called drift anemometer, is implanted at the top of a rear drift of the rotorcraft, notably located at the end of a tail boom of the rotorcraft. rotorcraft. The calculation means comprise means for comparing the airspeed of the rotorcraft potentially supplied by the drift anemometer, or even, if appropriate, by the attached anemometer, and at least one predefined airspeed threshold. The calculation means include a correction rule capable of correcting the measurements provided by the drift anemometer as a function of the effects produced by the rotation of at least one main rotor fitted to the rotorcraft on the characteristics of the speed of the air flow. measured by the drift anemometer. Said calculation means include in particular said correction rule, preferably in the form of a function-structured algorithm, some of which affine, capable of correcting the measurements provided by the drift anemometer as a function of the effects produced by the rotation of at least a main rotor equipping the rotorcraft on the characteristics of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer and more particularly according to the power consumed by the main rotor. Said calculation rule is advantageously calibrated in test flight aboard a test rotorcraft of the same structure as the rotorcraft whose current air speed is to be identified and displayed. According to a preferred embodiment of the rotorcraft, the drift anemometer is more particularly implanted at the top of a rear rotorcraft dagger enhancing a fairing surrounding a rear rotor equipping the rotorcraft, in the general plane of the rotor disk of said rear rotor. Such fairing contributes to the protection of the drift anemometer, particularly with respect to the airflow generated by the blast of the rear rotor. The drift anemometer is preferably equipped at its base with a protective shield with respect to the flow of air flowing along the rear drift. Such a protective shield is for example arranged in a plate oriented substantially along the horizontal plane 25 of general extension of the rotorcraft. The rotorcraft is preferably equipped with an ancillary anemometer providing the computation means with a complementary measurement of the current airspeed of the rotorcraft in conjunction with the measurements provided by the drift anemometer.
    [0014] An exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the figures of the attached single plate, in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective illustration of a rotorcraft according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, - Fig.2 is a diagram illustrating a method of implementation of an air system fitted to the rotorcraft shown in Fig.1 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The common organs represented in the different figures are respectively identified in the descriptions specific to these figures with the same numbers and / or reference letters, without implying their individual representation in each of the figures. In FIG. 1, a rotorcraft 1 is conventionally equipped with a main rotor 2 essentially providing lift for the rotorcraft 1. In the example illustrated, the rotorcraft 1 is more particularly a helicopter, the main rotor 2 also providing the propulsion of the rotorcraft 1 along its various axes of progression L, T, Z and providing guidance of the rotorcraft 1 in pitch and roll. The rotorcraft 1 is further equipped with an auxiliary rotor 3 installed at the end of a tail boom 4 of the rotorcraft 1. The rotor annex 3 provides stabilization and guidance of the rotorcraft 1 in yaw. The end of the tail boom 4 is provided with a fenestron 5 (registered trademark), the arrangement of which houses a shroud 6 surrounding the wing of the rotor annex 3. The tail beam 4 is provided with a rear tailboard 7 enhancing the fairing 6, the top of the rear fin 7 overhanging the rotor disc of the annex rotor 3, or also and preferably the rotor disc of the main rotor 2.
    [0015] The rotorcraft 1 is equipped with an airspeed apparatus 8 for calculating the current airspeed TAS of the rotorcraft 1 in flight. A display screen 9 makes it possible to provide the pilot of the rotorcraft 1 with information relating to the current air speed TAS of the rotorcraft 1, iteratively calculated at a frequency given by the airspeed apparatus 8. The airspeed apparatus 8 comprises for this purpose a torque omni-directional anemometer 10,11 providing measurements V1, V2 relating to the characteristics of the surrounding airflows respectively the anemometers 10,11, said measurements V1, V2 being transmitted to an on-board computer 14 deducing the current airspeed TAS from rotorcraft 1 from said measurements V1, V2. A first anemometer is a drift anemometer 10 implanted at the top of the rear drift 7. The shroud 6 surrounding preferably the wing of the tail rotor 3 advantageously protects at least partially the drift anemometer 10 of the air flow generated by the 3. Further, and referring to the detail of Fig. 1 shown in Fig. (a), the drift anemometer 10 is protected from the flow of air flowing along the drift. rear 7 by a shield 12 placed in interposition between the top of the rear fin 7 and the drift anemometer 10. In the embodiment shown, the shield 12 is formed of a plate 13 oriented in its general plane following a plane 25 substantially parallel to the horizontal plane P of extension of the rotorcraft 1. Said horizontal plane P of extension of the rotorcraft 1 is conventionally defined by the longitudinal axis L of extension between the front and the rear of the rotorcraft 1 and bythe transverse axis T extension of the rotorcraft 1, the rotorcraft being considered on the ground.
    [0016] A second anemometer is an annex 11 anemometer implanted on the rotorcraft at a location best preserved from the wind generated by the main rotor 2, as conventionally at the nose of the rotorcraft 1 as shown or at the top of an overhanging pole and following the rotational drive shaft of the main rotor 2 according to a similar variant not shown. Of course, as conventionally in aeronautics, the current airspeed TAS of the rotorcraft 1 is identified by vector components, including at least one longitudinal component TX and a lateral component TY, or even a vertical component TZ respectively oriented along the longitudinal axis. L, the transverse axis T and the vertical axis Z of general extension of the rotorcraft. In FIG. 2, the current airspeed TAS of the rotorcraft 1 operating in hovering and / or at low speed is determined and then displayed by correction of the measurements V1 provided by the drift anemometer 10. Said correction is made by application of FIG. a correction rule 15 implemented by calculation means 16 of the airspeed apparatus 8 implemented by the computer 14.
    [0017] The correction rule 15 comprises functions F1, F2, F3, of which F2 and F3 are affine, making it possible to correct the measurements V1 supplied by the drift anemometer 10, taking into account the effects produced by the airflow generated by the blast. of the main rotor 2 on the measurements V1 provided by the drift anemometer 10. The correction rule 15 integrates several correction parameters whose values are determined in advance during a calibration operation of the calculation rule 15 in flight. 'trial. Prior to the correction of the measurements V1 provided by the drift anemometer 10, the airspeed of the rotorcraft preferably supplied by the drift anemometer 10 is compared with speed thresholds S1, S2 predefined by comparison means 20. These provisions make it possible to identify an evolution of the rotorcraft 1 at speeds lower than low speeds and at transient speeds between the low speeds and high speeds of the rotorcraft 1 operating in cruising flight. The values of said speed thresholds S1, S2 typically identify an evolution of the rotorcraft 1 at low speeds for a first airspeed threshold S1 and an evolution of the rotorcraft 1 at transient speeds for a second airspeed threshold S2. At high speeds of evolution of the rotorcraft 1 greater than the speed-air threshold S2, the current airspeed of the rotorcraft displayed by the screen 9 corresponds to the measurements V1 and / or V2 provided by at least one of the anemometers 10, 11 but preferably by the annexed anemometer 11 set to operate in accordance with a high speed-air range. Indeed at high speeds of evolution of the rotorcraft 1, it is considered that the influence of the rotor blast 2 of the relevance of the V2 measurements provided by the annex 11 anemometer is neglected in order to identify the airspeed of the rotorcraft 1. At low speeds or at a transient rate of evolution of the rotorcraft 1, a phase correction C1 modifying the orientations respective vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer is operated by applying first functions F1. Said phase correction C1 is intended in particular to correct the ori entation of the vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer 10 with respect to the reference of the rotorcraft defined by its X, Y and Z extension axes.
    [0018] The first functions Fl are executed by exploiting the amplitude Vm and the orientation Va of the speed of the current air flow measured by the drift anemometer 10, as well as constants A1 and A2 whose values are calibrated during said test flight. The first correction C1 identifies a longitudinal component Vc1X and a transverse component Vc1Y of a first corrected air speed Vc1. Then, an amplitude correction C2 rectifies the respective values of the amplitudes of the vector components Vc1X and Vc1Y of the first corrected air speed Vc1, by applying second functions F2. The second functions F2 are executed taking into account, in particular, the power consumed Pc by the main rotor 2. For example, the current value of the collective pitch angle Apc of the main rotor 2 is more particularly taken into account. The second functions F2 incorporate constants K1, K2 and K3 whose values are calibrated during said test flight and summation values N1, N2 predefined. Amplitude correction C2 identifies a longitudinal component Vc2X and a transverse component Vc2Y of a corrected second airspeed Vc2 after correction of the amplitude of the components of the first corrected airspeed Vci. Specifically for a speed of evolution of the rotorcraft 1 at 25 transient speeds, a complementary correction C3 is operated to correct the second corrected airspeed Vc2. The complementary correction C3 is performed by applying third functions F3 taking into account the complementary measurements V2 provided by the annex 11 anemometer.
    [0019] The third functions F3 incorporate constants K4, K5, K6 and K7 whose values are calibrated during said test flight and take into account the values of the longitudinal component VX and the lateral component VY of the flow velocity of air measured by the annex 11 anemometer providing said complementary measurements V2. The third correction C3 identifies the respective values of a longitudinal component Vc3X and a transverse component Vc3Y of a corrected third airspeed VC3 after adjustment of the second corrected airspeed Vc2 as a function of the complementary measurements V2 provided by the Anemometer Annex 11. To eliminate a data noise picked up by the drift anemometer 10 and resulting from the flow of air along the drift 7, a fourth data filter correction operation C4 is operated by means of Low-pass filters 18. Said data filtering C4 is notably applied after the execution of the correction rule 15 as illustrated, or potentially by filtering of the measurements V1 directly provided by the drift anemometer 10 according to FIG. a variant not shown.
    [0020] The current airspeed TAS of the rotorcraft 1 is then displayed on the screen 9 during a display operation 19. In hovering and / or at low speeds of evolution of the rotorcraft 1, the second airspeed corrected Vc2 is displayed, if necessary after filtering the data by the low-pass filters 18.
    [0021] At a transient rate of evolution of the rotorcraft, the third corrected airspeed Vc3 is displayed, if necessary after filtering the data by the low-pass filters 18. At high speeds of evolution of the rotorcraft 1 the V2 measurements provided by the anemometer appendix 11 can be exploited to identify and display on the screen 9 the airspeed TAS of the rotorcraft 1.
    权利要求:
    Claims (20)
    [0001]
    REVENDICATIONS1. Method and calculation of the current air velocity (TAS) of a rotorcraft (1) comprising at least one rear fin (7) and at least one main rotor (2) providing at least substantially the main lift of the rotorcraft (1) and a rear rotor (3) providing at least the yaw guide of the rotorcraft (1), said method comprising an operation of calculation of the current air speed (TAS) of the rotorcraft (1) from measurements (V1, V2) provided by at least one omnidirectional anemometer (10,11) and a display operation (19) by a screen (9) of the current air speed (TAS) of the rotorcraft (1) deduced from said operation calculation method, characterized in that at least one omnidirectional anemometer being located at the top of said rear fin (7) and being designated by drift anemometer (10), the current air speed (TAS) of the rotorcraft (1) evolving at velocities less than or equal to at least one predefined air velocity threshold (S1, S2) of rotorcraft (1) is calculated by correcting the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) as a function of the effects produced by the airflow generated by the rotation of the main rotor (2) on the characteristics of the speed of the air flow measured by the drift anemometer (10).
    [0002]
    2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that said correction of the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) is performed according to at least the application of a correction rule (15) rectifying at least the amplitude values and orientations relative to the general extension axes (L, T, Z) of the rotorcraft (1) of the vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer (10).
    [0003]
    3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that said correction of the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) further comprises a data filtering (C4) applied to the data from the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10), whether before or after the correction applied to the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10).
    [0004]
    4. Method according to claims 2 and 3, characterized in that the correction of the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) is more specifically carried out according to at least the following modalities: -) application of a correction method (C1) rectifying the angular orientation of each of the vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer (10) relative to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the rotorcraft (1) . -) applying an amplitude correction (C2) individually correcting the amplitudes of each of the vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer (10). 20 -) applying a data filtering (C4) by a low-pass filter (18) processing the data from the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10).
    [0005]
    5. Method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the correction rule (15) integrates measurement correction parameters (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) whose values are identified by calibration of the correction rule (15) in test flight.
    [0006]
    6. Method according to any one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the correction rule (15) is composed of functions (F1, F2, F3), some affines (F2, F3) successively applied to correct the measurements. (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10).
    [0007]
    7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one of said affine functions (F2, F3) comprises a correction parameter taking into account a correction criterion relating to the mechanical power consumed (Pc) by the rotor. principal (2).
    [0008]
    8. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the said correction criterion is taken into account by taking into account the collective pitch angle (Apc) current of the main rotor blades (2).
    [0009]
    9. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the said correction criterion is taken into account by taking into account the resistant torque opposite the main rotor (2) against its rotation drive by a group. of motorization equipping the rotorcraft (1).
    [0010]
    10. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the correction of the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) comprises the following successive operations: -) application of the first calculation functions ( F1) calculating an airspeed of the rotorcraft, said corrected first airspeed (VC1), said first functions (F1) individually identifying a longitudinal component (Vc1X) and a lateral component (VciY) of the first corrected airspeed ( Vci) according to the following modalities: vcix = VM * cos (VA + A1) VciY = VM * sin (VA + A2) in which first calculation functions (F1), VciX and VciY are the respective values of the longitudinal component and of the lateral component of the first corrected air velocity (Vci), VM is the amplitude of the velocity of the air flow measured by the drift anemometer (10), VA is the direction of the air flow direction measured by the drift anemometer (10), A1 and A2 are predefined constants for angular correction of the vector components of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer (10), the respective values of said constants A1 and A2 being identified by a flight calibration operation. test of the first functions (F1) of calculation. -) applying second affine calculation functions (F2) calculating a second corrected air speed (Vc2), said second calculation functions (F2) identifying values of the respective amplitudes of the longitudinal component (Vc2X) and the lateral component (Vc2Y) of the first corrected airspeed (Vci) according to the following modalities: Vc2X = K1 * VciX + K2 * ApC + N1 Vc2Y = K3 * VciY + N2 in which second functions (F2) of calculation, Vc2X and Vc2Y are the respective values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the corrected second airspeed (Vc2), K1, K2 and K3 are constants whose respective values are identified by a test flight calibration operation of second calculation functions (F2), Apc is the common collective pitch angle of the main rotor blades (2), N1 and N2 are predefined summation values according to the desired search function of the current air velocity measurement (TAS) d u rotorcraft (1). -) applying a data filtering (C4) by a low-pass filter (18) of the individual values of the longitudinal component (Vc2X) and the lateral component (Vc2Y) of the second corrected airspeed (Vc2) .
    [0011]
    11. Method according to any one of claims 3 to 10, characterized in that hovering and / or low speed of evolution of the rotorcraft (1), the air speed-air (TAS) of the rotorcraft 10 (1) ) displayed by the screen (9) is the airspeed calculated after the application of said data filtering (C4).
    [0012]
    12. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the correction of the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) is performed by taking into account several said speed-air thresholds ( S1, S2), of which at least: -) a first air-velocity threshold (S1) according to an evolution of the rotorcraft (1) at low speeds, a first correction mode of the measurements provided by the drift anemometer (10); ) being applied in the case where the rotorcraft (1) evolves at a lower airspeed or equal to the first airspeed threshold (S1), -) a second airspeed threshold (S2) in accordance with an evolution of the rotorcraft (1) at transient speeds between low speeds and high speeds of evolution of the rotorcraft (1), a second correction mode of the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) being applied in the case where the rotorcraft evolves at an airspeed greater than the first airspeed threshold (S1) and below greater than or equal to said second airspeed threshold (S2).
    [0013]
    13. Method according to claim 12, characterized in that said second correction mode comprises a complementary correction operation (C3) of the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) by means of third functions (F3) of affine calculation taking into account a correction parameter relating to complementary measurements (V2) provided by an annexed airspeed anemometer (11) installed in the rotorcraft in a location at best free from the air flow produced by the main rotor blast (2) ).
    [0014]
    14. Method according to claims 10 and 13, characterized in that said third computing functions (F3) individually identify a longitudinal component (Vc3X) and a lateral component (Vc3Y) of a third corrected airspeed (Vc3) according to the following modalities: Vc3X = K4 * Vc2X + (1-K5) * VX Vc3Y = K6 * Vc2X + (1-K7) * VY in which the third functions (F3) of calculation, Vc3X and Vc3Y are the respective values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the corrected third airspeed (Vc3), K4, K5, K6 and K7 are constants whose respective values are identified by a test flight calibration operation of the third computing functions (F3). , VX and VY are the respective values of the longitudinal component and the lateral component of the airflow velocity measured by the annexed anemometer (11).
    [0015]
    15. Method according to claim 14, characterized in that at transient rates of evolution of the rotorcraft (1), the current airspeed (TAS) of the rotorcraft (1) displayed by the screen (9) is the third corrected airspeed (Vc3) rectified by data filtering (C4) individually applied to the longitudinal component (Vc3X) and the lateral component (Vc3Y) of the corrected third airspeed (Vc3).
    [0016]
    16. Method according to any one of claims 12 to 15, characterized in that at high speeds of evolution of the rotorcraft (1) at an air speed higher than the second airspeed threshold (S2), the measurements (V2) provided by the annexed anemometer (11) are used to display the current airspeed (TAS) of the rotorcraft (1).
    [0017]
    17. Giravion (1) equipped with an airspeed apparatus (8) for carrying out a method according to any one of claims 1 to 16, the airspeed apparatus (8) comprising at least one omnidirectional anemometer (10). , 11), calculating means (16) deducing the current airspeed (TAS) of the rotorcraft by exploiting the measurements (V1, V2) provided by said at least one omnidirectional anemometer and a screen (9) for displaying the 15 air velocity (TAS) of the rotorcraft (1) deduced by the computing means (16), characterized in that said at least one omnidirectional anemometer, said drift anemometer (10), is implanted at the top of a rearward drift (7) of the rotorcraft (1), and in that the calculation means (16) comprise means for comparing (20) the airspeed of the rotorcraft (1) supplied by the drift anemometer (10). ) and at least one predefined air velocity threshold (S1, S2), the calculation means incorporating a 25-horn rule rection (15) adapted to correct the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10) as a function of the effects produced by the rotation of at least one main rotor (2) equipping the rotorcraft (1) with the characteristics of the airflow velocity measured by the drift anemometer (10).
    [0018]
    18.The aircraft according to claim 17, characterized in that the drift anemometer (10) is more particularly implanted at the top of a rear drift (7) of the rotorcraft (1) enhancing a fairing (6) surrounding a rear rotor ( 3) equipping the rotorcraft (1) in the general plane of the rotor disk of said rear rotor (3).
    [0019]
    19.A rotorcraft according to any one of claims 17 and 18, characterized in that the drift anemometer (10) is equipped at its base with a shield (12) of protection vis-à-vis the air flow flowing along the rear fin (7).
    [0020]
    20.The rotorcraft according to any one of claims 17 to 19, characterized in that the rotorcraft (1) is equipped with an annex anemometer (11) providing the calculation means (16) with a complementary measurement (V2) of the speed air flow (TAS) of the rotorcraft (1) in conjunction with the measurements (V1) provided by the drift anemometer (10).
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    US20150360794A1|2015-12-17|
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    PL2944572T3|2019-05-31|
    FR3020799B1|2016-06-03|
    US9415881B2|2016-08-16|
    CN105083572B|2017-08-04|
    CA2889327C|2018-03-13|
    EP2944572A1|2015-11-18|
    CA2889327A1|2015-11-12|
    CN105083572A|2015-11-25|
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    法律状态:
    2015-04-22| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2015-11-13| EXTE| Extension to a french territory|Extension state: PF |
    2015-11-13| PLSC| Search report ready|Effective date: 20151113 |
    2016-05-20| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2017-05-23| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 4 |
    2018-05-22| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 5 |
    2019-05-22| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 6 |
    2020-05-22| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 7 |
    2021-05-20| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 8 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1401064A|FR3020799B1|2014-05-12|2014-05-12|GIRAVION EQUIPPED WITH ANEMOMETER PLACED AT THE TOP OF A REAR DRIFT OF THE GIRAVION|FR1401064A| FR3020799B1|2014-05-12|2014-05-12|GIRAVION EQUIPPED WITH ANEMOMETER PLACED AT THE TOP OF A REAR DRIFT OF THE GIRAVION|
    EP15001228.4A| EP2944572B1|2014-05-12|2015-04-24|Rotorcraft provided with an anemometer located at the top of a rear stabiliser of the rotorcraft|
    PL15001228T| PL2944572T3|2014-05-12|2015-04-24|Rotorcraft provided with an anemometer located at the top of a rear stabiliser of the rotorcraft|
    CA2889327A| CA2889327C|2014-05-12|2015-04-24|Rotorcraft equipped with an anemometer placed at the peak of a rear stabilizer on the rotorcraft|
    CN201510393291.XA| CN105083572B|2014-05-12|2015-05-11|Gyroplane with the airspeed sensor at the top of gyroplane fin|
    US14/708,775| US9415881B2|2014-05-12|2015-05-11|Rotorcraft having an airspeed sensor located at the top of a tail fin of the rotorcraft|
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